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Al-Bahir Journal for Engineering and Pure Sciences

Abstract

Land Surface Temperature maps are handy tools in a wide variety of scientific and practical fields. Monitoring climate change, researching the consequences of global warming, and evaluating the health of ecosystems are some of the applications that are used extensively. In addition, they have uses in agriculture, such as determining the amount of water that vegetation needs and monitoring agricultural regions that are experiencing drought. This study utilized a remote sensing approach to estimate land surface temperature with Landsat imagery from two periods, respectively, 2000 and 2024. The Landsat user's guide provided the algorithm to convert the images from DN to TOA radiance. Almost all stations show a significant increase in LST from 2000 to 2024. Some stations show significant increases of more than 10 °C. RMSE slightly increased from 1.89 to 1.98, indicating minor forecast inaccuracies. The average temperature rose from 34.76 °C to 40.25 °C, with maximum temperatures increasing from 41.14 °C to 48.13 °C and minimum temperatures from 26.29 °C to 33.66 °C. The standard deviation increased from 3.57 to 3.92, indicating greater temperature variability. These findings suggest notable climate changes and support the global warming hypothesis. The general increase in Earth's surface temperatures indicates the effects of global warming and climate change at the local scale. Noticeable increases may be due to urbanization, deforestation, and changes in land use.

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